Molecular phylogenetics of <i>Euploca</i> (Boraginaceae): homoplasy in many characters, including the C4 photosynthetic pathway

Abstract We present a phylogenetic analysis using plastid (matK, rbcL) and nuclear (nrITS) DNA for diverse Euploca spp. (formerly Heliotropium section Orthostachys) from the worldwide distribution of genus including species encompassing wide physiological morphological diversity genus. Our results indicate that some remarkably complex features arose multiple times in parallel Euploca, attributes its subsections under Orthostachys, notably plants that, above ground, consist almost entirely inflorescences. To elucidate greater detail C4 s.s., we made &amp;gt; 800 δ 13C determinations, traditional Tournefortia. greatly increase number proven but found none outside Euploca. Of tested spp., c. 28% are C3 or intermediate carbon fixation pathway. four parallel/convergent acquisitions photosynthesis fewer origins with subsequent loss species.